Clase social y consumo de quinua en Cuenca. 2017 / Social class and consumption of quinua in Cuenca. 2017

Este artículo muestra desde las voces de las mujeres, la relación entre clase y consumo de alimentos. Identifica el consumo actual de la quinua fundamentalmente por los estratos altos de la sociedad cuencana y casi desconocida por campesinos y estratos urbanos más pobres, resultado de procesos relacionados con la distinción o el estigma.Objetivo: entender las prácticas de diferenciación social en la ciudad de Cuenca a partir de la alimentación, usando como caso de estudio el con-sumo de la quinua Metodología: investigación etnográfica multisituada con siete familias; cuatro del área urbana y tres del área rural del cantón Cuenca, realizada entre octubre de 2016 a junio de 2017.Resultados: los relatos de las mujeres en torno a la alimentación y el con-sumo de quinua, permiten visibilizar los elementos simbólicos que giran en torno a la comida y su praxis en el contexto histórico y sociocultural particular de Cuenca.Conclusiones: el consumo de alimentos está marcado por el habitus de clase. La quinua es un ejemplo de ello, desapareció de la mesa familiar por la depreciación simbólica heredada desde la colonia, y hoy regresa como símbolo comunicador de distinción social.

This article shows from the voices of women, the re-lationship between social class and food consump-tion. It identifies how the quinoa is today consumed fundamentally by the upper strata of the society in Cuenca and it is almost unknown by peasants and poorer urban strata, the result of processes related to distinction or stigma.Objective: understand the practices of social diffe-rentiation in Cuenca from the alimentation, using as a case study, the consumption of quinoa.Methodology: it is a multisite ethnographic re-search with seven families; four of the urban area and three of the rural area of Cuenca, it was carried out between October 2016 and June 2017.Results: the stories of the women around the fee-ding and the consumption of quinoa allow visuali-zing the symbolic elements that revolve around the food and its praxis in the particular historical and sociocultural context of Cuenca.Conclusions: food consumption is marked by class habitus. The quinoa is an example of this, it disappeared from the family table because of the symbolic depreciation inherited from the colony, and today it returns as a communicating symbol of social distinction.

Postre a base de quinua para niños / QUINOA-BASED DESSERT FOR KIDS

Introducción: la alimentación del niño debe ser variada, agradable y acorde a sus necesidades nutricionales; actualmente suele ser alta en calorías y sodio, y baja en fibras. La quinua es un pseudocereal que por su perfil nutricional se considera completo, nutritivo y saludable para el desarrollo de alimentos destinados a niños. Objetivos: realizar un postre a base de quinua, principalmente destinado a niños, considerando el bajo consumo de fibras y las excelentes propiedades nutricionales de este pseudoceral. Materiales y métodos: se realizaron cuatro formulaciones y se seleccionó la que presentaba las mejores características sensoriales y menor porcentaje de exudación. A la formulación del postre seleccionada se le evaluó el grado de satisfacción con 84 niños de edad escolar, la composición centesimal, el porcentaje de adecuación de fibra alimentaria y de edulcorantes y el perfil nutricional. Luego se relevó la composición de 21 postres comerciales para niños y se compararon. Resultados: se seleccionó la formulación 4 por presentar las mejores características sensoriales y menor exudación. El contenido de fibra del postre fue de 1,9 g/100 g de alimento, su cantidad de edulcorante fue adecuada y su perfil nutricional saludable. Al compararla con otros postres del mercado, aportó fibra y menos cantidad de grasas totales, grasas saturadas y sodio. El grado de satisfacción por los niños encuestados manifestó una valoración positiva del 82% y obtuvo tan sólo un 5% de valoración negativa. Conclusiones: se logró formular y elaborar un postre saludable a base de quinua con aporte de fibra y características sensoriales aceptables, orientado a aumentar la disponibilidad de alimentos que favorezcan el aporte de fibra en los niños en etapa escolar.

Reintroducción del consumo regular de Quinua en Riobamba, Ecuador: estudio piloto / Reintroucción of regular consumptin of quinoa in Riobamba, Ecuador: a piloy study

En Ecuador la incidencia de obesidad, diabetes y otras afecciones crónicas de salud, que se han asociado parcialmente con cambios en los hábitos alimentarios, está aumentando y muchas veces se acentúa en los centros urbanos más pequeños. El consumo omnipresente de arroz blanco es probablemente una práctica alimentaria presente en esta transición nutricional, mientras que el consumo de alimentos tradicionales saludables como la quinua permanece generalmente bajo. En nuestra encuesta realizada en 2013, el 67% de los 240 residentes encuestados en la pequeña ciudad andina de Riobamba informaron que preferirían comer "arroz de quinua" (quinua preparada como arroz) por lo menos dos veces por semana en lugar de arroz blanco. Con el objetivo de reintroducir el consumo regular de quinua en los hogares de esta población, a finales de 2015 se inició una intervención para promover el consumo de arroz de quinua 3 veces por semana, entre 131 adultos en Riobamba. Entre la línea de base y los datos obtenidos al final de la intervención cuatro meses más tarde, no hubo cambios significativos en el IMC observado. Sin embargo, a los 2, 4 y 7 meses post-basal, el 52%, 40% y 47% de los encuestados, respectivamente, informaron haber disfrutado del consumo de arroz de quinua en lugar de arroz blanco, afirmando que les gustaba "mucho" o "en general", y el 64%, 55% y 68% de los encuestados refirieron que "definitivamente" o "muy probablemente" continuarán consumiendo quinua en lugar de arroz, por lo menos a veces. Estos hallazgos sugieren una aceptación modesta de esta (re)introducción de un alimento tradicional y saludable, aunque otras investigaciones más amplias y extensas podrían evaluar con mayor precisión los posibles impactos en la salud de este tipo de cambio reportado en los hábitos alimentarios de la población.

Abstract: In Ecuador the incidence of obesity, diabetes and other chronic health conditions -- which are partly due to changes in dietary behavior -- has been increasing, often most dramatically in smaller urban centers. The ubiquitous consumption of white rice is likely one important factor in this nutritional transition, while the consumption of traditional healthy foods such as quinoa remains generally low. In a 2013 survey we conducted, 67% of the 240 residents surveyed in the small Andean city of Riobamba reported they would prefer eating quinoa "rice" at least twice weekly instead of white rice. With the objective of encouraging more normative household consumption of quinoa in this population, in late 2015 an intervention was begun to promote consumption of quinoa rice 3 times a week among 131 adults in Riobamba. Between the baseline and the termination of the intervention four months later, no significant change in BMI was observed. However, at 2, 4 and 7 months' post-baseline, 52%, 40% and 47% of respondents, respectively, reported enjoying consumption of quinoa rice instead of white rice either "very much" or "in general," and 64%, 55% and 68% of respondents "definitely" or "very likely" planned to continue doing so. Our findings suggest a modest acceptance of this (re)introduction of a traditional and healthy food, though further and more extensive research could assess with greater precision the potential health impacts of such reported changes in dietary habits. Reintroducción del consumo regular de Quinua en Riobamba, Ecuador: estudio piloto.

Recetario de la quínua / Quinoa Cookbook

La publicación describe acerca de la elaboración de preparaciones nutritivas, saludables, económicas, variadas y adecuadas a las necesidades de una familia integrada por cuatro miembros, gracias a sus excepcionales cualidades nutricionales, versatilidad en la elaboración de platos, su adaptabilidad a diferentes pisos agroecológicos y su contribución potencial en la lucha contra el hambre y la desnutrición

Co-administration of Chenopodium album allergens and CpG oligodeoxy- nucleotides effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with allergic rhinitis treated with intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines

Allergic Rhinitis [AR] is one of the most common chronic diseases in the developed countries. This study was performed to investigate the effect of CpG-ODN in alteration of T-helper [Th]l/Th2 balance of patients with AR treated with intranasal corticosteroids [INCs] and antihistamines. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs] of 20 patients with AR were isolated before and after 45 days therapy. Cytokine production [IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-gamma] and specific Ch.a IgE in response to CpG co-administration of natural chenopodium album [CpG/Ch.a] or recombinant Ch.a [CpG/rCh.a] allergen were investigated in supernatants.of cultured PBMCs using ELISA Intracellular IL-10 was also assessed in CD4[+] cells using flow cytometry. Significant increase in production of IFN-y and IL-10 and decrease in production of IL-4 were found in supernatants of cultured PBMCs activated with CPG/ch.a and CPG/rch.a. of both CpG/Ch.a and CpG/rCh.a compared to allergens alone, before and after therapy. After therapy, IFN-gamma production with CpG/Ch.a was significantly increased in comparison with before [237 vs. 44 pg/ml, p=0.001]. IFN-gamma and IL-10 production with CpG/rCh.a was significantly increased after therapy compared to before [407.6 vs. 109 pg/ml, p=0.0l for IFN- gamma; 171.7 vs. 52.6 pg/ml, p=0.008 for IL-10], whilst IL-4 was significantly decreased [2.1 vs. 5.8 pg/ml, p=0.02]. Intracellular IL-10 expression was also significantly increased in response to either CpG/Ch.a or CpG/rCh.a that showed intracellular assay could be more sensitive than ELISA. Also, treatment with intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines could enhance this CpG effect, in vitro

Germination behaviour of seeds from herbicide treated plants of Chenopodium album L

The carry-over effect of sub-lethal herbicides was investigated on the germination of seeds collected from surviving Chenopodium album plants, which had received 1/8, 1/8 twice, 1/8 three times, 1/4, 1/2, 1/1 doses of either pre-emergence ioxynil or post-emergence bentazone in a previous onion (Allium cepa) crop. Seeds were also collected from surviving C. album plants, which had received 1/4, 1/2, 1/1 of either pre-emergence pendimethalin, propachlor and linuron, or 1/8, 1/8 twice, 1/8 three times, 1/4, 1/2, 1/1 of post-emergence ioxynil or linuron in a previous leek (Allium porrum) crop. Seeds of surviving plants were collected and tested for germination at temperature of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C. The effect of different temperatures on the total number of germinated seeds was significant. Germination was minimum at low temperatures (5°C or 10°C). Herbicides did not show any effect on germination of C. album and resulted in the same final germination percentage as seeds collected from the unsprayed control plots.

Avaliou-se o efeito residual de doses sub-letais de herbicidas sobre a germinação de sementes de plantas de Chenopodium album sobreviventes em uma cultura prévia de cebola (Allium cepa), que recebeu 2x, 3x, 1/4, 1/2 ou a dose recomendada de ioxynil em pré-emergência ou bentazone em pós-emergência. As sementes foram também coletadas de plantas de C. album sobreviventes de um campo de alho-porró (Allium porrum) que havia sido tratado com 1/4, 1/2 ou a dose recomendada de pendimethalin, propachlor e linuron em pré-emergência, ou ainda 2x, 3x, 1/4, 1/2 ou a dose recomendada de ioxynil ou linuron em pós-emergência. As sementes destas plantas sobreviventes foram coletadas e testadas quanto à germinação a temperaturas de 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C e 25°C. Verificou-se que o efeito das temperaturas na germinação destas sementes foi significativa. A germinação foi mínima a baixas temperaturas (5°C e 10°C). Os herbicidas não causaram nenhum efeito na germinação das sementes de C. album tendo resultado no mesmo nível daquelas das plantas controles de culturas não pulverizadas.

Airway allergy and skin reactivity to aeroallergens in Riyadh

To determine the pattern of skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens in patients with asthma and rhinitis [airway allergy] residing in Riyadh region. This is a retrospective cross sectional study based on data analysis of skin prick test results of individuals with clinical diagnosis of airway allergy.Allergy skin prick test result data of 139 Saudi nationals from Riyadh region tested at King Khalid University Hospital between January 2003 and March 2004 was analyzed retrospectively. This group comprised of 53% females and 47% males, with a mean age of 27 +/- 12 years. A set of aeroallergens extracts for both indoor and outdoor allergens including fungal spores was used to test the patients. Seventy-five percent [105] of patients reacted to one or more allergen extracts. The most frequently reacting indoor allergen was house dust mite [77.8%] followed by the cat [33.6%] and cockroach [19.2%]. Among the outdoor allergens Prosopis juliflora was tested positive in 72.1%, Bermuda grass in 53.8%, Chenopodium album in 47.1%, Rye grass in 36.5% and Salsola kali in 36.5%. A significant proportion of patients were also found reacting to Moulds [18.2%] and Aspergillus fumigatus [18.2%] extracts. Sensitivity to one or more aeroallergens was common in patients, indicating high level of aeroallergen sensitization in patients with airway allergy residing in Riyadh region

Immunotherapy of chenopodium album induced asthma by intranasal administration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in BALB/c mice

There are many therapeutic methods for allergic conditions. CpG oligonucleotides play a critical role in immunity via the augmentation of Th1 and suppression of Th2 responses. In the present study we aimed to estimate the effectiveness of intranasal administration of CpG ODN plus Chenopodium album allergen in allergic asthma compared with the administration of allergen alone and to find out how CpG ODN therapy is useful in the treatment of allergen induced asthma. BALB/c Mice were intraperitoneally and intranasally sensitized with allergenic extract precipitated on aluminum hydroxide. Therapy with CpG/Ag was performed intranasally. After antigenic challenge, a number of Immunologic variables such as serum IgE and IgG, systemic and local IL-10 and IFN-Gamma were studied in splenocytes, and lung tissue culture supernatants, respectively. Our study indicated that intranasal administration of CpG/Ag had significant increases in both systemic and local levels of IL-10 and IFN-Gamma [p

Co-administration of CpG oilgonucleotides and Chenopodium album extract reverse IgG2a/IgH1 ratios and increase IFN-gamma and IL-10 prpductions in a murine model of asthma

Asthma is a disorder of increasing severity and prevalence. Recent knowledge about the pathogenesis of asthma emphasizes its inflammatory nature. CpG oligonucleotides are a class of compounds containing motifs based on the cytosine-guanine dinucleotides [CpG-ODNs]. These motifs are suppressed in mammalian DNA. They induce inflammation in mammals characterized by the induction of T helper type 1 and regulatory responses. In this paper, the effect of CpG DNA co-administration with a homemade Chenopodium album [Ch.a] extract in a murine model of asthma is reported for the first time. Balb/C mice were sensitized using Ch.a. pollen allergenic extract plus CpG-ODNs intraperitoneally and were challenged with aerosolized allergen. Results measured included IL-10 and IFN-gamma cytokines as well as IgG subclasses. For this, splenocytes from mice treated with CpG/Ag or Ag alone, were cultured in the presence of antigen. The results showed that CpG ODN administered at the time of Ch.a sensitization, effectively increased cytokines and IgG2a/IgG1 ratios compared with those in mice treated with antigen or with PBS alone[P

Suplemento alimenticio de alto contenido proteico para niños de 2 a 5 años: desarrollo de la formulacion y aceptabilidad / Nutritional suplement of high protein content for 2-5 year old children: development of the formulation and acceptability

Las combinaciones de cereales-leguminosas ofrecen proteínas de alta calidad debido a la compensación de sus aminoácidos esenciales. Se seleccionó la quinua (Chenopodium quinua Willd) y el lupino (Lupinus albus L.) con el objetivo de diseñar una formulación de alto contenido proteico con aditivos y saborizante de pollo para lograr una mezcla física en polvo que al adicionarle agua, se obtuviera una crema tipo “papilla” destinada a niños de 2-5 años, con contenido aminoacídico de 35-40% del requerimiento diario, aplicando técnicas de Programación Lineal. En la formulación seleccionada se determinó su composición por análisis proximal y se realizaron algunas pruebas físicas y microbiológicas. Se efectuaron pruebas sensoriales por atributos en adultos semientrenados y se aplicó la escala hedónica facial de 5 puntos a niños preescolares de tres jardines infantiles de Antofagasta, Chile. El contenido proteico de la harina de lupino (49,77g×100g) superó en 4,6 veces a la quinua (10,82g×100g), pero no contuvo todos los aminoácidos esenciales, siendo la complementación de ambas, una proteína de buena calidad. Los resultados microbiológicos del producto fueron satisfactorios. La papilla obtuvo un puntaje entre “me gusta ligeramente” y “me gusta muchísimo”, mostrando buena aceptación por niños de 2-5 años. Además, proporcionó un PDCAAS (protein digestibility corrected amino acid score) de 0,9, a los 90 días de elaborada, pues los aminoácidos esenciales, triptófano y el conjunto, metionina + cistina, no lograron cumplir con el patrón establecido por la FAO.